What is the first-line treatment for dog bites?

The first-line treatment for dog bites is amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. This antibiotic is preferred because it provides broad-spectrum coverage against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria commonly found in animal bites. When a dog bites, the saliva can introduce various pathogens, including Pasteurella multocida, which is frequently associated with dog bites, as well as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species.

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is particularly effective because it combines amoxicillin, which targets bacterial cell wall synthesis, with clavulanic acid, which inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes produced by certain bacteria that may render penicillins ineffective. This dual action helps to prevent and treat infections resulting from the bite.

The other antibiotics mentioned—such as clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline—are not typically the first choices for managing dog bites due to their narrower spectrum of coverage or lack of efficacy against the specific pathogens associated with such injuries. Clindamycin is often reserved for penicillin-allergic patients or specific infections, while ciprofloxacin is better suited for certain gram-negative infections. Doxycycline also has different primary uses and may not provide the same full-spectrum coverage needed in bite wound scenarios.